A Pyrrhic Victory in Postrevolutionary Mexico: German Planters, the Article 123 Schools, and State Formation on the Coast of Chiapas, 1934-1942
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.3989/aeamer.2010.v67.i2.515Keywords:
Article 123, Socialist Education, Soconusco, Chiapas, SEP, Mexican Revolution, GermansAbstract
Article 123 of Mexico’s 1917 Constitution stipulated that landowners bore the responsibility of educating the school-aged children of their workers. In 1934, the Ministry of Public Education endorsed socialist education, which required Article 123 teachers to promote agrarian and labor reforms on Chiapas’s coffee plantations. The planters, many of whom were of German origin, successfully undermined the Article 123 schools but were targeted first by the Cardenista agrarian reform of 1939 and later by the seizure of their properties during World War II. In other words, they won their battle against the SEP but ultimately lost the war to the emerging Mexican nation-state.
Downloads
References
Friederike Baumann: “Terratenientes, campesinos y la expansión de la agricultura capitalista en Chiapas, 1896-1916”, Mesoamérica, 5, Woodstock, 1983, pp. 8-63.
Thomas Benjamin: Chiapas: tierra rica, gente pobre. Historia política y social, México, Grijalbo, 1995. Antonio García de León: Resistencia y utopía: memorial de agravios y crónica de revueltas y profecías acaecidas en la provincia de Chiapas durante los últimos quinientos años de su historia, México, Ediciones Era, 1985, Tomo 2.
Harvey Graff: The Literacy Myth: Literacy and Social Structure in the Nineteenth- Century City, San Francisco, Academic Press, 1979. Friedrich Katz: The Secret War in Mexico, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1981.
Alan Knight: “Cardenismo: Juggernaut or Jalopy?”, Journal of Latin American Studies, 26-1, London, 1994, pp. 73-107.
Stephen E. Lewis: The Ambivalent Revolution: Forging State and Nation in Chiapas, 1910-1945, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 2005.
Engracia Loyo: “Escuelas Rurales ‘Artículo 123’ (1917-1940)”, Historia Mexicana, XL-2, México, 1991, pp. 299-336.
Murdo MacLeod: Spanish Central America. A Socioeconomic History, 1520-1720, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1973.
Brígida von Metz, “Las empresas alemanas en México (1920-1942)”, en Ricardo Pérez Montfort, Verena Radkau y Daniela Spencer (eds.): Los empresarios alemanes, el Tercer Reich, y la oposición de derecha a Cárdenas, México, CIESAS, 1988, Tomo 1, pp. 214-216.
David McCreery: Rural Guatemala 1760-1940, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 1994.
Gustavo Montiel: Recordando el Soconusco y su perla, México, B. Costa-Amic, 1979.
María de los Angeles Ortíz y Bertha Toraya: Concentración de poder y tenencia de la tierra. El caso de Soconusco, México, CIESAS, Cuadernos de la Casa Chata 125, 1985.
Septimio Pérez Palacios: “Mi labor en el sector educativo”, en Los Maestros y la Cultura Nacional, 1920-1952, Vol. 5. Sureste, México, Museo Nacional de Culturas Populares y Dirección General de Culturas Populares, 1987, pp. 73-92.
Susana Quintanilla y Mary Kay Vaughan (coords.): Escuela y sociedad en el período cardenista, México, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 1997.
Elsie Rockwell: “Schools of the Revolution: Enacting and Contesting State Forms in Tlaxcala, 1910-1930”, en Gilbert M. Joseph y Daniel Nugent (coords.): Everyday Forms of State Formation: Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico, Durham, Duke University Press, 1994, pp. 170-208.
Friedrich E. Schuler: Mexico between Hitler and Roosevelt. Mexican Foreign Relations in the Age of Lázaro Cárdenas, 1934-1940, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1998.
Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP): Memoria relativa al estado que guarda el ramo de educación pública el 31 de agosto de 1934, México, Talleres Gráficos de la Nación, 1934, Tomo II, Documentos.
Daniela Spenser: “The Formation of a Coffee Economy in Chiapas”, en Thomas Benjamin y William McNellie (coords.): Other Mexicos: Essays on Regional Mexican History, 1876-1911, Albuquerque, University of New Mexico Press, 1984, pp. 123-143.
Daniela Spenser: “Los inicios del cultivo del café en Soconusco y la emigración extranjera”, en Brígida von Mentz, Ricardo Pérez Monfort, Verena Radkau y Daniela Spenser: Los empresarios alemanes, el Tercer Reich y la oposición de derecha a Cárdenas, México, CIESAS, Ediciones de la Casa Chata, 1988, pp. 65-78, Tomo I.
Mary Kay Vaughan: Cultural Politics in Revolution, Tucson, University of Arizona Press, 1997.
Juan Pedro Viqueira: “Éxitos y fracasos de la evangelización en Chiapas (1545-1850)”, en Nelly Sigaut (ed.): La iglesia católica en México, Zamora, El Colegio de Michoacán, 1997, pp. 69-98.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2010 Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© CSIC. Manuscripts published in both the print and online versions of this journal are the property of the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, and quoting this source is a requirement for any partial or full reproduction.
All contents of this electronic edition, except where otherwise noted, are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) licence. You may read the basic information and the legal text of the licence. The indication of the CC BY 4.0 licence must be expressly stated in this way when necessary.
Self-archiving in repositories, personal webpages or similar, of any version other than the final version of the work produced by the publisher, is not allowed.
